Current Definitions of Social Studies (2023–2025)
Abstract
This paper explores recent definitions of Social Studies proposed between 2023 and 2025. Through a critical review of contemporary scholarly and institutional perspectives, the paper reveals the evolution of Social Studies as a discipline. It identifies major themes such as global citizenship, civic competence, interdisciplinarity, and democratic education. The paper evaluates definitions from the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS), Nigerian scholars, and other international academics to understand the transformation and implications of the subject in modern educational discourse.
Introduction
Social Studies occupies a critical position in the academic curriculum worldwide due to its role in fostering civic consciousness, social responsibility, and critical thinking. As a dynamic and integrative discipline, it draws from various fields including history, geography, economics, government, and sociology to prepare learners for active and informed citizenship. In recent years, the field has undergone definitional refinements to respond to changing global challenges, including the rise of populism, environmental crises, technological advancement, and social justice issues.
From 2023 to 2025, a number of new definitions have emerged, reflecting global trends and educational policy shifts. This paper aims to examine these definitions, analyze their implications, and assess their relevance for contemporary educational goals.
2. Historical Background of Social Studies
Historically, Social Studies was developed in the early 20th century to promote civic competence and democratic ideals. The NCSS, established in 1921, has been instrumental in defining and guiding the objectives of the discipline. In the mid to late 20th century, definitions of Social Studies emphasized the inculcation of values, attitudes, and knowledge necessary for democratic participation (Kissock, 1981).
In the Nigerian context, Social Studies became a recognized school subject in the 1970s. Nigerian scholars like Adaralegbe (1975) and Bozimo (2007) defined it as an integrated subject that equips learners with survival skills and fosters national unity and development. These foundational definitions remain relevant as they provide a benchmark for analyzing recent developments.
3. Contemporary Definitions (2023–2025)
3.1 The NCSS Definition (2023)
In 2023, the National Council for the Social Studies introduced a revised definition:
“Social studies is the study of individuals, communities, systems, and their interactions across time and place that prepares students for local, national, and global civic life” (NCSS, 2023).
This definition marks a significant shift toward global engagement. The focus on “systems” and “interactions” emphasizes complexity and interdependence—traits vital for understanding contemporary issues such as climate change, global migration, and digital governance. Moreover, it reflects an inclusive approach, considering not only national but also global civic responsibilities.
3.2 Critique by Rapoport (2024)
Rapoport (2024) critiques the NCSS’s new definition for omitting critical traditional elements. He notes the absence of key terms like “democracy,” “citizenship,” “decision-making,” and “civic competence,” which have historically anchored the discipline:
“The terms ‘civic competence,’ ‘decision making,’ ‘democracy,’ and ‘citizenship’—once cornerstones of Social Studies—are now conspicuously missing” (Rapoport, 2024).
Rapoport’s critique suggests that while the updated NCSS definition is progressive, it risks losing the democratic ethos central to the subject. He advocates for a balanced definition that encompasses both global awareness and democratic participation.
Current Definitions of Social Studies (2023–2025)
3.3 The Nigerian Academic Perspective
In Nigeria, scholars continue to emphasize the nation-building function of Social Studies. Folorunso and Adegboye (2024) define it as:
“A field that educates individuals by providing them with the skills and attitudes necessary to become responsible and competent citizens” (p. 603).
Their definition retains the civic and moral education aspect of earlier conceptualizations while integrating peace education, a theme relevant to Nigeria’s socio-political context.
Furthermore, the Nigerian learning platform ClassNotes.ng (2024) states that:
“Social Studies is an interdisciplinary field that integrates knowledge from various disciplines to study human society and social relationships.”
Edinyang and Mezieobi (2013) defined social studies as an integrated field of study that probes man’s environmental relationships and imbues man with high level intellectual skills, social skills and competencies germane to solving man’s environmental diverse problems for better and effective living.
According to Osakwe (2013) Social Studies is a course of study that studied human beings in various capacity of his interaction with his fellow counterpart
According to Akpochato (2013) Social studies is a subject that foster new and integrated approach which aimed at resolving societal and environmental issue.
Osakwe (2014) defines social studies education as “an integrated field of study that attempts to study man in dept within the ramification of his dynamic environments as well as equipping him with positive knowledge, attitudes, values and skills for purpose of producing competent, humane and effective citizenry who can contribute positively to the good of the society”.
Njok and Sunday(2014) posited that social studies is an interdisciplinary subject which enables the learners to acquire wide knowledge of the surrounding complex phenomena and forces that influence man in his society.
Social studies is a program of study which a society uses to instill in students or learners the knowledge, skills, attitudes and actions it considers important in the relationships human beings have with each other, their world and themselves Mezieobi, Ossai, and Young (2013).
Ezegbe maintains that social studies education has a primary objective of helping to produce good citizens who are of great benefit to the Nigerian society.
However, Famwang (2013) defined Social Studies as a subject dealing with human groups – people and their environment – the world over. They stated that Social Studies covers the nature and functions of these human groups; though their structure, organization and their interactions within the environment, though Social Studies derived its content from the Social Sciences and other related subjects , like anthropology, economics, sociology, social psychology, political science, geography and history among others, it’s not exactly these subject. They further agreed that Social Studies, as a subject, goes beyond factual knowledge of these subjects. It is intended to present questions, concepts, Issues, generalizations and problems that would be challenging not only to the students but to the entire citizenry.
Danladi (2015), defined social studies as that parts of the school general education programme which is concerned with the preparation of the citizens for participation in a democratic society.
This view maintains the subject’s interdisciplinary nature and affirms its relevance in fostering critical thinking and interpersonal understanding.
4. Emerging Themes in Definitions (2023–2025)
From the definitions examined, several key themes have emerged:
4.1 Global Civic Engagement
There is a noticeable shift toward preparing learners for global citizenship. The NCSS’s inclusion of “global civic life” signals a recognition of the interconnectedness of societies in the digital and political age. Issues like climate change, international conflict, and global economic interdependence necessitate this broader outlook.
4.2 Interdisciplinary Integration
Definitions continue to affirm the interdisciplinary nature of Social Studies, incorporating history, economics, geography, sociology, and more. This integration equips students to analyze complex societal problems from multiple perspectives, fostering a holistic understanding.
4.3 Emphasis on Critical Thinking and Decision-Making
Though not always explicitly mentioned in newer definitions, traditional aims such as critical thinking and decision-making remain integral. These skills are necessary for evaluating information, participating in civic life, and solving societal problems. Scholars like Rapoport (2024) call attention to the need for these components in modern definitions.
4.4 National Development and Peace Building
Especially in contexts like Nigeria, Social Studies is framed as a tool for national integration, ethical orientation, and peace building. The discipline supports efforts to reduce ethnic tensions, promote mutual respect, and cultivate a shared national identity.
5. Educational Implications
The evolving definitions of Social Studies have practical consequences for curriculum design, pedagogical strategies, teacher education, and assessment methods.
5.1 Curriculum Development
Modern Social Studies curricula must be updated to reflect global trends while retaining core democratic values. This involves integrating contemporary issues such as digital literacy, environmental education, human rights, and social justice into the curriculum.
5.2 Teacher Education and Professional Development
Educators must be equipped with the knowledge and pedagogical skills to deliver complex interdisciplinary content effectively. Continuous professional development is necessary to align teaching strategies with the evolving goals of Social Studies.
5.3 Policy Considerations
Governments and educational institutions should recognize Social Studies as a strategic subject for national development. Policies must support investment in resources, training, and research that promote the objectives of Social Studies education.
6. Conclusion
Between 2023 and 2025, the definitions of Social Studies have evolved to reflect a rapidly changing global landscape. While the NCSS’s redefinition emphasizes global civic engagement, critiques like Rapoport’s highlight the need to preserve democratic values and civic competence. Nigerian perspectives underscore the role of Social Studies in peace building and national development.
As definitions continue to adapt, stakeholders must ensure that Social Studies remains a powerful tool for cultivating responsible, informed, and active citizens. Educators, policymakers, and curriculum developers must work collaboratively to preserve the essence of the discipline while adapting it for 21st-century challenges.
References
ClassNotes.ng. (2024). Meaning and scope of social studies. https://classnotes.ng/lesson/meaning-and-scope-of-social-studies/
Folorunso, C. O., & Adegboye, A. A. (2024). The role of social studies education in achieving global peace. British Journal of Education, 11(7), 602–610. https://ideas.repec.org/a/bjc/journl/v11y2024i7p602-610.html
Kissock, C. (1981). Curriculum planning for social studies teaching. John Wiley & Sons.
National Council for the Social Studies. (2023). New definition of social studies adds a global focus. https://www.worldof8billion.org/new-definition-of-social-studies-adds-a-global-focus/
Rapoport, A. (2024, February 1). Where is the baby: The new definition of social studies. Indiana Council for the Social Studies. https://indianasocialstudies.com/where-is-the-baby-the-new-definition-of-social-studies/
Uncommon Learning Standard. (2023, January 1). What is the meaning of social studies? https://uncommonls.wordpress.com/2023/01/01/meaning-of-social-studies/