Past Questions and Answers

2026 NECO Biology Objective and Essay Questions and Answers

Etima Harrison June 24, 2026

8,493 13 minutes read

2026 NECO Biology Objective and Essay Questions and Answers

Paper I:

Objective Questions (1–60)

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Instructions: Answer all questions. Choose the option that best answers each question.

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NECO Biology OBJ
01-10: AECBAACADE
11-20: ECBDEBCDEA
21-30: CADBCDEBBD
31-40: DACEDDACBB
41-50: DBABEBEDAE
51-60: AAAEBDCBBB

2026 NECO BIOLOGY SOLUTION

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ONLY (3) THREE IN ALL

NECO BIOLOGY

NUMBER ONE

(1ai)
Tolerance is the ability of a living organism to withstand or survive changes in environmental conditions within certain limits without being harmed.

(1aii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Oxygen
(ii) Carbon dioxide
(iii) Digested food (nutrients)
(iv) Water
(v) Mineral salts
(vi) Hormones
(vii) Urea and other metabolic wastes
(viii) Antibodies

(1b)
(i) Prophase
(ii) Metaphase
(iii) Anaphase
(iv) Telophase

(1c)
(i) Termites live in colonies where they cooperate in feeding, defence, and reproduction, increasing their chances of survival.
(ii) They exhibit division of labour, with workers, soldiers, and reproductive termites performing specialized functions for the benefit of the colony.
(iii) They build protective mounds and underground tunnels that provide shelter from predators, harsh weather, and water loss.
(iv) They forage through covered mud tunnels, protecting themselves from enemies and direct sunlight while searching for food.
(v) Worker termites care for the eggs and young by feeding, grooming, and protecting them until they mature, ensuring the continuity of the colony.

NECO BIOLOGY

NUMBER TWO

(2ai)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Kidney
(ii) Lungs
(iii) Skin
(iv) Gills
(v) Nephridia
(vi) Malpighian tubules
(vii) Contractile vacuole

(2aii)
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Kidney – Human
(ii) Lungs – Goat
(iii) Skin – Frog
(iv) Gills – Fish
(v) Nephridia – Earthworm
(vi) Malpighian tubules – Cockroach
(vii) Contractile vacuole – Amoeba

(2bi)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Both remove metabolic waste products from the body.
(ii) Both help maintain water balance (osmoregulation).
(iii) Both regulate the salt or ion content of the body.
(iv) Both help maintain a constant internal environment.
(v) Both eliminate nitrogenous wastes.
(vi) Both are richly supplied with blood or body fluid for filtration.

(2bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Earthworm has a simple excretory system, while mammals have a complex excretory system.
(ii) Earthworm has numerous excretory structures distributed throughout the body, while mammals have only two kidneys.
(iii) In earthworm, the excretory structures are found in almost every body segment, while in mammals the kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity.
(iv) Earthworm excretes mainly ammonia, while mammals excrete mainly urea.
(v) Earthworm has no urinary bladder, while mammals have a urinary bladder for storing urine.
(vi) In earthworm, excretory wastes pass directly to the outside through body pores, while in mammals urine passes through the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
(vii) Earthworm filters coelomic fluid during excretion, while mammals filter blood.
(viii) Earthworm has a less efficient excretory system, while mammals have a more efficient excretory system.

(2c)
(i) During the day, guard cells accumulate potassium ions and sugars, causing water to enter by osmosis.
(ii) The guard cells become turgid and curve outward because their inner walls are thicker than the outer walls.
(iii) This causes the stomatal pore to open, allowing gaseous exchange and transpiration.
(iv) At night or during water shortage, potassium ions and sugars leave the guard cells, and water moves out by osmosis.
(v) The guard cells become flaccid, causing the stomatal pore to close and reducing water loss.

NUMBER THREE

(3ai)
=Protein=
(i) Carbon
(ii) Hydrogen
(iii) Oxygen

=Carbohydrate=
(i) Carbon
(ii) Hydrogen
(iii) Oxygen

(3aii)
Check the diagram

(3aiii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Birth rate (Natality)
(ii) Death rate (Mortality)
(iii) Immigration
(iv) Emigration
(v) Availability of food
(vi) Diseases

(3bi)
Swarming is the movement of a large number of organisms together from one place to another, usually for reproduction, feeding, or colonization.

(3bii)
An epidemic is the rapid spread of a disease that affects a large number of people or organisms in a particular area within a short period.

(3ci)
Parthenocarpy is the development of a fruit without fertilization, resulting in seedless fruits.

(3cii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Abstinence
(ii) Condom
(iii) Oral contraceptive pills
(iv) Intrauterine device (IUD)
(v) Injectable contraceptives
(vi) Vasectomy

NECO BIOLOGY

NUMBER FOUR

(4ai)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Enzymes are biological catalysts.
(ii) Enzymes are proteins in nature.
(iii) They are highly specific in their action.
(iv) They are not used up during reactions.
(v) They work effectively in small quantities.
(vi) Their activities are affected by temperature and pH.

(4aii)
(i) Pupil: Regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
(ii) Conjunctiva: Protects the eye and keeps it moist.
(iii) Cornea: Refracts light entering the eye and protects the front of the eye.

(4bi)
In a Tabular form

=Transpiration=
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It is the loss of water from plants in the form of water vapour.
(ii) It occurs only in plants.
(iii) It takes place mainly through the stomata, lenticels and cuticle.
(iv) It helps in cooling the plant body.
(v) It creates transpiration pull for the upward movement of water and minerals.
(vi) It does not remove metabolic waste products.
(vii) It is mainly a physical process.
(viii) It occurs mostly from the aerial parts of plants.

=Excretion=
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body of living organisms.
(ii) It occurs in both plants and animals.
(iii) It takes place through excretory organs such as kidneys, lungs, skin and gills.
(iv) It helps to maintain a constant internal environment.
(v) It removes harmful waste products produced during metabolism.
(vi) It eliminates substances such as urea, carbon dioxide and excess salts.
(vii) It is a physiological process.
(viii) It occurs in specialized excretory organs or tissues.

(4bii)
(i) Shoulder joint.
(ii) Hip joint.

(4c)
Draw the diagram above

NECO BIOLOGY

NUMBER FIVE

(5ai)
In a Tabular form

=Root=
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Root grows below the soil surface.
(ii) Root has a root cap at its tip.
(iii) Root has no nodes and internodes.
(iv) Root has no buds, leaves or flowers.
(v) Root absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil.
(vi) Root anchors the plant firmly in the soil.
(vii) Root is usually non-green and does not carry out photosynthesis.
(viii) Root shows positive geotropism and negative phototropism.

=Stem=
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Stem usually grows above the soil surface.
(ii) Stem has no root cap.
(iii) Stem possesses nodes and internodes.
(iv) Stem bears buds, leaves, flowers and fruits.
(v) Stem conducts water, minerals and manufactured food.
(vi) Stem supports the aerial parts of the plant.
(vii) Stem is usually green when young and may carry out photosynthesis.
(viii) Stem shows negative geotropism and positive phototropism.

(5aii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It is large and heavy.
(ii) It has a thick, broad centrum.
(iii) It has a short and blunt spinous process.
(iv) It possesses a large vertebral foramen.
(v) It has broad transverse processes.
(vi) It has articular facets for joining adjacent vertebrae.
(vii) It bears no rib facets.

(5bi)
(i) Collenchyma.
(ii) Sclerenchyma.
(iii) Xylem.

(5bii)
(i) Haemophilia: A hereditary disorder in which the blood fails to clot normally, causing excessive bleeding.
(ii) Mutation: A sudden, permanent change in the genetic material (DNA) or in the structure of a chromosome.
(iii) Sex-linked character: A characteristic controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes, especially the X chromosome.

Answer: A

60.

Biodiversity refers to

A. Number of humans in a habitat
B. Variety of living organisms in an environment
C. Number of plants only
D. Number of animals only

Answer: B

2026 NECO Biology Objective and Essay Questions and Answers

Paper II

Essay Questions and Answers

Question 1

Explain the structure of a typical plant cell and describe the functions of its major organelles.

Answer

The plant cell is the basic structural and functional unit of plant life. It is enclosed by a rigid cell wall made mainly of cellulose and contains living protoplasm. Plant cells possess several organelles, each performing specialized functions necessary for survival.

The cell wall provides support, protection, and shape. It prevents excessive water absorption and mechanical damage.

The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It is selectively permeable.

The nucleus serves as the control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and genetic information responsible for heredity and cell activities.

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like medium where metabolic reactions occur and organelles are suspended.

The chloroplast contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis, enabling plants to manufacture food from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

The vacuole stores water, food materials, pigments, and waste products. It helps maintain cell turgidity.

The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they release energy through cellular respiration.

Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.

Plant cells are uniquely adapted for photosynthesis and structural support, making them different from animal cells.

Question 2

Describe the process of photosynthesis and discuss its importance to living organisms.

Answer

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture carbohydrates using carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll.

The process occurs mainly in the chloroplasts of green leaves. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide enters through stomata while water is absorbed by roots and transported to leaves through xylem vessels.

Sunlight energy absorbed by chlorophyll drives chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Importance of photosynthesis includes:

Production of food for plants and animals.
Release of oxygen necessary for respiration.
Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Maintenance of ecological balance.
Formation of fossil fuels over geological periods.
Foundation of all food chains and food webs.

Without photosynthesis, life on Earth would not exist because there would be neither food nor sufficient oxygen.

Question 3

Discuss the human circulatory system and explain the functions of blood.

Answer

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It transports materials throughout the body.

The heart is a muscular organ divided into four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Blood performs numerous functions:

Transportation

Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs.

Nutrient Distribution

It transports digested food substances to body cells.

Waste Removal

It carries metabolic wastes to excretory organs.

Defense

White blood cells protect the body against diseases.

Clotting

Platelets help stop bleeding.

Regulation

Blood helps maintain body temperature and pH balance.

The circulatory system is essential for survival because it ensures that all body tissues receive necessary nutrients and oxygen.

2026 NECO Biology Objective and Essay Questions and Answers

Question 4

Explain meiosis and state its significance in living organisms.

Answer

Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half and produces gametes.

Meiosis occurs in reproductive organs such as testes and ovaries.

The process involves two successive divisions:

Meiosis I

Homologous chromosomes pair and separate.

Meiosis II

Sister chromatids separate.

The final result is four haploid daughter cells.

Significance of meiosis:

Maintains constant chromosome number.
Produces gametes.
Introduces genetic variation.
Promotes evolution.
Supports sexual reproduction.

Meiosis is one of the most important biological processes responsible for diversity among organisms.

Question 5

Explain the various ecological relationships among organisms with suitable examples.

Answer

Ecological relationships refer to interactions between organisms living in the same environment.

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit.

Example: Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants.

Commensalism

One organism benefits while the other is unaffected.

Example: Remora fish and shark.

Parasitism

One organism benefits while the other is harmed.

Example: Tapeworm in humans.

Predation

One organism kills and feeds on another.

Example: Lion and antelope.

Competition

Organisms struggle for limited resources.

Example: Plants competing for sunlight.

These relationships influence population size, ecosystem stability, and biodiversity.

Question 6

Discuss the digestive system in humans and explain the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Answer

The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and associated glands.

Food passes through the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Digestion of Carbohydrates

Begins in the mouth with salivary amylase converting starch into maltose.

Further digestion occurs in the small intestine until glucose is formed.

Digestion of Proteins

Begins in the stomach where pepsin breaks proteins into peptides.

Further digestion occurs in the small intestine producing amino acids.

Digestion of Fats

Bile emulsifies fats into smaller droplets.

Lipase converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Digested nutrients are absorbed through villi in the small intestine into the bloodstream.

The digestive system ensures that nutrients become available for growth, repair, and energy production.

Question 7

Explain inheritance and discuss Mendel’s laws of heredity.

Answer

Inheritance is the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring through genes.

Gregor Mendel conducted experiments using pea plants and formulated laws of heredity.

Law of Segregation

Alleles separate during gamete formation so each gamete receives only one allele.

Law of Independent Assortment

Different gene pairs assort independently during gamete formation.

Importance of Mendel’s Laws:

Explain inheritance patterns.
Help predict offspring characteristics.
Form the foundation of modern genetics.
Aid plant and animal breeding programs.
Assist in genetic counseling.

Modern genetics continues to build upon Mendel’s discoveries.

Question 8

Discuss environmental conservation and explain measures for preserving biodiversity.

Answer

Environmental conservation refers to the protection and sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems.

Biodiversity includes the variety of plants, animals, microorganisms, and ecosystems.

Threats to biodiversity include:

Deforestation.
Pollution.
Climate change.
Overgrazing.
Bush burning.
Overhunting.
Urbanization.

Measures for conservation:

Establishment of National Parks

Protected areas safeguard wildlife.

Afforestation

Planting trees replaces lost forests.

Environmental Education

Creates public awareness.

Pollution Control

Reduces environmental degradation.

Sustainable Agriculture

Prevents habitat destruction.

Enforcement of Conservation Laws

Discourages illegal exploitation of resources.

Wildlife Management

Protects endangered species.

Conservation ensures ecological stability, food security, scientific research opportunities, and sustainable development for future generations.

Etima Harrison June 24, 2026

8,493 13 minutes read

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